Innate Immunity

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE

• Cytokines ￫ Liver hepatocytes ￫ Proteins
• Cytokines
• Interleukin (IL)-1. Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF). IL6
• Proteins
• Complement protein C3. Serum amyloid P component, C-reactive protein (CRP), Mannose-binding lectin, Lysozyme, Soluble CD14
• Defence and repair
• Autoimmune diseases: Chronic production of cytokines

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR)

• Receptor for endotoxin
• e.g. TLR-4
• Bacterial: Lipopeptides, flagellin, hypomethylated DNA.
• Fungal: Zymozan
• Viral: Single-stranded or double stranded viral RNA)
• Expressed on leucocytes and parenchymal cells
• Ligation ￫ Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
• Effects on adaptive immune response via 
• Activation of antigen-presenting cells: Dendritic cells
• B-cells
• T-cells

LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

• Dilatation & increased permeability of microscopic vessels
• Endothelial activation ￫ Adhesion of white blood cells
• Atraction & activation of phagocytic cells: Neutrophils & mononuclear cells