MCDs are a common cause of refractory focal epilepsy, although they may be found incidentally on MRI scans performed for other reasons. Patients may be cognitively impaired or completely normal. The abnormalities are non-progressive developmental lesions, and as such are not malignant or invasive. Skin lesions are rare. MCDs may be acquired in utero during cerebral development or genetically determined. Overall, surgical treatment is associated with seizure freedom in only approximately 40%.
The image shows band heterotopia, also called double cortex syndrome because of its appearance on MRI. It is thought to represent arrest of migrating neurons during cortical development as they move from the periventricular region to the cortex.
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