- Requirement for energy
- Glycolysis
- The fate of pyruvate
- Aerobic
- Mitochondria
- Citric acid cycle
- Oxidative: release electron
- NAD+ and FAD
- NADH and FADH2
- Anaerobic
- Citric acid cycle
- Acetyl CoA + OAA --> Citrate
- Alpha-ketoglutarate
- Succinate
- OAA
- Energy release
- Succinyl CoA --> Succinate (GDP to GTP)
- NADH FADH2
- Alternative fates of citric acid cycle intermediates
- Carboxylation of pyruvate to OAA
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Oxydative phosphorylation
- Oxidative reactions
- Electrons
- NADH, FADH2
- Electron transport chain
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Protons translocated out
- Proton gradient
- Enzyme complexes
- Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase)
- Complex II (Succinate-ubiquinone oxireductase)
- Complex III (Ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxireductase)
- Complex IV (Cytochrome oxidative)
- Oxygen
- Fate of cytosolic NADH
- Glycolysis
- NADH
- Mitochondrial electron transport chain
- Indirect
- via shuttles
- Glycerol phosphate
- Malate
- Intramitochondial NAD+ or FAD
- ATP synthesis
- Complex I, III, and IV
- Translocate protons out
- Against electrochemical gradient
- Proton-motive force
- ATP synthase
- Complex V
- Inner mitochondrial membrane, membrane-spanning region (proton channel)
- Rotation of shaft
- ATP from ADP and Phosphate
- ATP-ADP translocator
- Stoichiometry of ATP synthesis
- 1NADH --> 3ATP
- FADH2 --> 2ATP
- Bypass proton-pumping NADH-Q
- Proton-motove force
- ATP for ADP
- Phosphate for hydroxide
- Uncoupling proteins (mitochondria)
- Dissipate H+ without forming ATP
- Generate heat in brown fat
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- Glucose
- Ribose, NADPH
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- Actively deciding cells
- Ribose
- Precursor for DNA and RNA
- Sugar component CoA and NAD+
- NADPH
- Biosynthetic reactions
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Not interchangeable with NADH
- Part 1
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Ribose, NADPH
- Liver, adipose tissue, lactating mammary gland, adrenal cortex, red blood cells
- Reducing power of NADPH
- Biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids
- Formation of glutathione in erythrocytes
- Enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
- Regulated by NADP+
- Ribulose-5-phosphate
- Ribose-5-phosphate
- Results
- Oxidation
- 2NADPH, 1ribose-5-phosphatase
- 1CO2 released
- Irreversible
- Part 2
- Ribose
- Reconverted
- Glycolytic intermediates
- Reversible and ubiquitous
- Demands for NADPH and ribose not exactly matched
- >NADPH needed
- Excess ribose recycled
- Non-oxydative reactions
- 3pentoses to 2 hexoses and 1triose
- Feedbacked into glycolysis
- >Ribose
- Ribose-5-phosphatase
- From glycolytic intermediates
- Carbohydrates
- Gluconeogenesis
- Gluconeogenic substrates
- Amino acids
- Diet
- Proteolysis
- Lactate
- Exercising muscle
- Glycerol
- Triacylglycerols
- Gluconeogenic pathway
- Pyruvate to glucose
- vs glycolysis
- Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- OAA intermediate
- Enzymes
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- PEP carboxykinase
- Hydrolysis
- ATP
- AGP
- In glycolysis
- Pyruvate kinase
- Yielding ATP
- Dephosphorylation
- Fructose-1,6-biphosphanate to fructose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
- No high-energy phosphate bonds
- In glycolysis
- Split high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP
- Glycogen
- Glycogen synthesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysacharides)
- Regulation of glucose metabolism
- Response to hypoglycaemia
- Response to exercise or stress
- Response to rasied glucose levels
- Fatty acids and lipids
- Fatty acids
- Saturated vs unsaturated
- Nomenclature
- Synthesis
- Exit of acetyl CoA from the mitochondrion
- Acetyl CoA carboxylation
- Growth of the acyl chain
- Elaongation and desaturation
- Degradation
- Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
- Ketones bodies
- Ketone body utilisation
- Lipids
- Triacylglycerols
- Biosynthesis
- Degradation
- Hormonal regulation of fat metabolism
- Phospholipids
- Phosphoglycerdes
- Sphingolipids
- Glycolipids
- Cholesterol and steroid hormones
- Biosynthesis
- Elimination
- Steroid hormones
- Amino acids and proteins
- Amino acids
- Structure
- Biosynthesis
- Degradation
- The urea cycle
- Hormones derived from amino acids
- Dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline
- Thyroxine
- Serotonin
- GABA and glycine
- Histamine
- Proteins
- Synthesis
- Degradation
- Haem
- Biosynthesis
- Regulation of harm synthesis
- Degradation
- Nucleotides
- Purine synthesis
- Pyrimidines synthesis
- Salvage pathways
- Purine degradation
- Vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Trace elements
- Iron
- Zinc
- Copper
- Selenium
- Manganase and cobalt
- Other (possible) trace elements
Biochemistry and Metabolism
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