Physiology


  • Cardiovascular System
    • The heart as a pump
      • Generation of the heartbeat
        • Pacemaker tissue
        • Cardiac action potential
        • Electrical conducting system of the heart
        • Cardiac muscle
        • Mechanism of contraction
      • The cardiac cycle
      • Physiological factors governing cardiac output
        • Control of cardiac rate
        • Control of stroke vole
        • Catecholamines
      • Response of the heart to stress
    • The systemic and pulmonary circulations
      • Systemic circulation
        • Large conduit arteries
        • Resistance vessels
        • Capillaries
        • Veins
      • Pulmonary circulation
    • Blood vessels
      • Anatomy
        • Blood supply
        • Endothelium
        • Smooth muscle cel layer
      • The endothelium
        • Vasodilator function
        • Vasoconstrictor function
      • Regulation of platelet function and haemostats
      • Cellular adhesion
      • Cell growth
      • Cytokines
      • Transport and metabolism
    • The endocrine function of the heart
      • Pathophysiology
      • Therapeutic use of BNP
  • Respiratory system
    • The lungs
      • Pulmonary ventilation
        • Structure of the lung and thorax
          • Thorax
          • Lung
        • Normal physiology
          • Physiological limits to ventilations
        • Pathophysiology
      • Diffusion of gases
        • Measurement of diffusion capacity
      • Control mechanisms
  • Gastrointestinal system
    • The gut
      • innervation of the gut
        • Small bowel
        • Large bowel
        • Transit through the gut
          • Stomach
          • Small bowel
          • Large bowel
        • Regulation of transit and food processing
          • Swallowing (deglutition)
          • Stomach
            • Cephalic phase
            • Gastric phase
            • Intestinal phase
          • Small bowel
          • Large bowel
    • The liver
      • Clearance function
        • Bile
          • Bile acid/ salts and the enterohepatic circulation
          • Bilirubin
      • Synthetic function
        • Plasma proteins
          • Albumin
          • Coagulation factors
          • Alpha 1 antitrypsin
      • Metabolism
        • Carbohydrates
        • Amino acids
    • The exocrine pancreas
      • Anatomy
      • Constituents of pancreatic juice
      • Control of exocrine function
  • Brain and nerves
    • The action potential
      • Establishing the resting membrane potential
      • Initiating the action potential
      • Refractory period
      • Propagating the action potential
    • Synaptic transmission
      • Chemical synaptic transmission
        • Neurotransmitter release
        • Receptor sites
        • Postsynaptic potentials
      • Function of synapses
    • Neuromuscular transmission
      • Anatomy
      • Release of acetylcholine
      • End-plate potential
  • Endocrine physiology
    • The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    • Thyroid hormones
      • Thyroid hormone structure, synthesis and secretion
        • Wolf-Chaikoff effect
        • Jod-Basedow effect
      • Thyroid hormone action
      • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
    • The endocrine pancreas
      • Insulin
        • Insulin synthesis and secretion
        • Insulin action
        • Insulin metabolism
      • Glucagon
      • Glucose homeostasis
    • The ovary and testis
      • Ovary
      • Testis
    • The breast
      • Hormonal regulation of breast
      • Lactation
    • The posterior pituitary 
      • Antidiuretic hormone
      • Control of ADH secretion
      • Actions of ADH
      • Oxycontin
  • Renal physiology
    • Blood flow and glomerular filtration
      • The nephrons dn its blood supply
      • Glomerular filtration rate
        • Principle of clearance measurement
        • Creatinine clearance
    • Function of the renal tubules
      • Control of glomerular and tubular function
        • Autoregulation
          • Myogenic resonse
          • Tubuloglomerular feedback
        • Glomerulotubular balance
        • Influences from outside the kidney
      • Sodium transport along the nephron
        • Proximal tubule
        • Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
        • Distal convoluted tubule
        • Collecting dusts
      • Factors modulating the renal circulation and sodium excretion
        • Circulatory compromise
        • Sodium-retaining states
      • Potassium transport along the nephrons
        • Modulation of renal potassium excretion
          • Hyperkalaemia
          • Hypokalaemia
      • Urinary concentration and dilution
        • Urinary concentrating and diluting mechanism
      • Renal contribution to acid-base balance
        • Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate
        • Excretion of titratable acid
        • Excretion of ammonia
    • Endocrine function of the kidney
      • Vitamin D metabolism and parathyroid hormone
        • Vitamin D metabolism
        • Parathyroid hormone
        • Erythropoietin

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