- Ion transport
- Ion channels
- Ion channels in epithelial cells
- Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
- Liddle's syndrome
- Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators
- Cystic fibrosis
- Ion channels in non-epithelial cells
- Cell membrane potential
- Voltage gated sodium channels
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Myotonia
- Paralysis
- Syndrome of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
- Cardiac mucle cells
- Long QT syndrome
- Torsades de pointes
- Nerve cells
- Familial epilepsy
- Class 1 antiarrhythmics
- Quinidine, disopyramide, lidocaine, flecainide
- Antiepileptics
- Phenytoin and carbamazepine
- Ion carriers
- Carriers that utilise ATP (pumps)
- Na/K ATPase
- Digoxin
- Carriers that utilise secondary active transport mechanisms
- Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
- Loop diuretics (frusemide)
- Bartter's syndrome
- Na/Cl co-transporter
- Thiazide diuretics
- Gitelman's syndrome
- Receptors and intracellular signalling
- Ligand binding. Signal transduction
- Endocrine. Paracrine. Synaptic
- Phosphorylation
- Serine. Threonine.
- Intracellular messengers
- Kinase enzymes
- Protein kinase A (cAMP)
- Protein kinase G (cGMP)
- Protein kinase C (diacylglycerol)
- Membrane-bound receptors and signal transduction
- Receptors on cell surface.
- Ionotropic receptor (With integral ion channel function)
- e.g. nAChR, GABAa, 5HT3
- G protein coupled receptors
- e.g. mAChR, alpha and beta adrenoreceptors, dopamine, 5HT, opiate, peptides
- Gi. Adenylate cyclase
- Gq. Phospholipase C. DAG, IP3
- cAMP. Serine and threonine. Protein kinase A
- Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). Ca
- Diacylglycerol (DAG). Protein kinase C (PKC).
- Cholera
- Receptors with integral enzymatic function
- Receptor tyrosine kinases
- SH2 (src homology 2) domain
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. RET gene. Chromosome 10
- Proto-oncogenes. Trastuzamab vs HER2. Erlotinib, Geftinib.
- Receptor guanylate cyclases
- ANP
- Nitric oxide
- Receptors in cytoplasma
- Steroid hormones. Lipophilic substances
- Cell cycle and apoptosis
- Phases:
- Quiescent phase (G0)
- First gap phase (G1)
- DNA synthesis(S)
- Second gap phase (G2)
- Mitosis (M)
- Mechanisms of regulation
- M-phase kinase
- Catalytic (Cdc2)
- Regulatory (Cyclin)
- Substrate (H1 histone)
- Checkpoint pathways
- Recognition of DNA damage
- Apoptosis. Block cell cycle. Transcribe response genes. Repair damage
- Appropriate progress made
- Replication before division. Kinetochores paired before metaphase finished
- Proteins involved
- Sensor. Transducer. Effector (Protein kinase ATM. Ataxia telangiectasia)
- Cyclin-dependent kinases (CKDs)
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs)
- Retinoblastoma gene product phosphorylated by cdm-cyclin D complex
- Apoptosis/ programmed cell death
- Fas receptor (Fas or FasR)
- Fas. Death domain
- Fas ligand (FasL)
- Fas + FasL
- TNF + its receptor (TNF-R1) ￫ Apoptosis
- Downstream from the Fas receptor
- Classical pathway for apoptosis
- Fas + FasL. TNF + TNF-R1.
- ]Caspase family (cysteine aspartate proteases)
- Pathway involving kinase JNK.
- c-Jun. Bcl2.
- Cancer and the cell cycle
- Oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes
- Tumour-suppressor genes
- RB gene
- p53
- Haematopoiesis
- Bone marrow structure
- The haematopoietic process
- Bone marrow
- Stem cell
- Progenitor cells
- Maturation
- Peripheral blood
- Role of growth factors
- Stem cell factors (SCF)
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
Cell Biology
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